Anxiety and depression among nursing students during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional correlational study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and levels of anxiety and depression symptoms among nursing students during the coronavirus lockdown, and to examine factors associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression on this population. BACKGROUND: Nursing students deal with diverse stressors during their university lives. Confinement measures during COVID-19 outbreak may have influenced students' mental health and well-being. Anxiety and depression are common among nursing students due to different factors. Evidence relating to anxiety and depression in nursing student population during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is limited. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive co-relational study during the lockdown due to the coronavirus outbreak in Spain was conducted. METHODS: An online questionnaire was developed by using google forms. Sociodemographic characteristics form, and the Spanish version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used. Spanish nursing students across the country were enrolled. Data collection was performed between 4 April 2020 and 21 April 2020. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the association between sociodemographic variables, COVID-19 and HADS scores. RESULTS: 1319 participants were enrolled. The sample was formed by 87.1% female students with a mean age of 22 years (SD ± 5.677). We found a mean score of 8.47 ± 4.104 on Scale HADS-Anxiety and 6.80 ± 2.988 on HADS-Depression. 31.6% students presented abnormal scores of anxiety symptoms, and only 11.4% participants revealed abnormal scores on HADS-Depression. CONCLUSIONS: The reported prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms on nursing students during the COVID-19 lockdown is 56.4% and 38.2%, respectively. 43.6% of the sample scored normal anxiety levels, and 61.8% obtained normal depression levels. Higher anxiety and depression levels were statistically associated with being a first-year student, being a smoker, feeling fear, feeling stress and having any close family member infected. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: These data should be valuable for detection and for further treatment decision of this disorders at the initial stage and could be important to prevent further damages to mental health and promote physical, psychological and well-being among this population.

Spanish Validation of Pediatric Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain.

BACKGROUND: Although pain is considered a sign/symptom codified by ICD-10, it is not frequently found in the clinical reports of children who have suffered pain due to disease or interventions. It has a negative effect on their well-being, affecting different spheres of their life. Having questionnaires adapted and validated in different languages makes it possible to compare results between different centers and countries, as well as to adapt training to the deficits found in a given population. AIM: To validate the Spanish version of Pediatric Nurses Knowledge and Attittudes Survey Regarding Pain. METHOD: A translation and back-translation process was carried out by bilingual staff. Subsequently, a test-retest was carried out among nursing professionals in the pediatric area of a third level public center of the Spanish National Health System, to analyze its internal consistency, reliability and discriminant validity. RESULTS: Chronbach's alpha of the test was 0.701 and Pearson's r was 0.703, intraclass correlation coefficien was 0.783. Neonatal intensive care professionals obtained a higher score (59.52%) than those working in pediatric intensive care, emergency and hospitalization, this difference being statistically significant. Likewise, professionals with a specialist´s degree obtained a higher score (62.09%) compared with the rest of the professionals (56.07%). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the Pediatric Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain is a valid tool to determine the knowledge and attitudes about pain of nursing professionals.

Psychological disorders among Spanish Nursing students three months after COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a notable impact on the psychological well-being of a large part of the population, putting them at risk of developing depressive symptoms, different levels of anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One group considered to be at high risk are Nursing students; they were affected as learning strategies changed and clinical practices were cancelled. This study attempts to assess the psychological impact COVID-19 pandemic had on Nursing students and to explore the sociodemographic differences that can be risk factors for mental health disturbance. The psychological impact was evaluated using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The study took place 4 months after the state of alarm was declared over in Spain. From a total sample of 304 Nursing students, 26.7%, 39.8%, and 15.5% showed PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms, respectively. Severe levels of psychological impact have been associated with being a female, a smoker, and feeling fear and stress. Having a relative test positive has been linked to lower anxiety levels while being afraid or stressed to higher anxiety levels. Being a female, co-habit with friends and feeling stress have been associated with higher depression levels.

Emotional Burden among Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians during the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Cross Sectional Study.

This study aims to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among Spanish community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown. A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was designed. An online survey was administered to participants from 4 to 21 April 2020 using a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic information and the Spanish version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Informed consent to participate was requested. Participants comprised 1162 pharmacy staff from Spain with an average age of 39.15 ± 9.718, from 20 to 65 years old, of whom 83% were women, and 50.6% were married. More than half of the participants expressed symptoms of depression (62.7%) and anxiety (70.9%). An important prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms has been detected among Spanish pharmacists and pharmacy technicians during the COVID-19 lockdown. Being a woman, smoking, feeling fear, feeling stress and believing that pharmacists/pharmacy technicians are very exposed to COVID-19 seem to be associated with higher HADS scores.

Knowledge about Pain in Spanish Nursing Students.

BACKGROUND: All nurses should receive training and education regarding pain as part of their pre-graduate stage, as its assessment and appropriate management when treating patients largely depends on them. With the right knowledge it is possible to reduce its high prevalence, as well as the serious consequences it can lead to. AIM: To determine the level of knowledge and attitudes towards pain of final-year nursing students in Spain. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of five Spanish universities during the academic year 2020-2021. The Spanish version of the Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP) was used. In addition, socio-demographic variables such as age, sex, relationship status, employment status, and the number of dependants were collected. The specific palliative or oncology subjects of each university was also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 224 questionnaires were collected. One of the nursing universities obtained the best score in the KASRP (59.75%) which was significant (p = .001). This university was the only one that offers specific subjects in palliative or oncologic care. A training deficit in aspects related to pain assessment and pharmacologic concepts was detected. We found no relationship between the KASRP and the different sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: Specific training in palliative care improves the students' knowledge regarding pain, although the results did not reach an acceptable minimum. The universities' training programs for Spanish students need to be adapted in order to achieve better results.

Workaholism and work-family interaction among emergency and critical care nurses.

OBJECTIVES: Investigating the prevalence of workaholism as well as the relationship between work-family interaction among emergency and critical care nurses. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY/DESIGN: A quantitative cross-sectional study. SETTING: A total of 219 nurses took part in the Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS-10) and the Survey Work-Home Interaction Nijmegen (SWING), which included socio-demographic and occupational question. Data was gathered in Spain between June and September 2019. RESULTS: Workaholism was found to be prevalent in 28.3% of the participants. In all four categories, workaholism was statistically connected to work-home interaction, with workaholics having higher means than non-workaholics. Perceived work stress was related to workaholism (p =.036). In the Work Excessively dimension, female nurses had significantly higher mean scores (M = 2.26) than their male counterparts (M = 1,88). In addition, in the Negative Work-Home Interaction (M = 2.04), the global mean scores were higher than in the Negative Home-Work Interaction (M = 1.34), indicating conflict and a negative impact of work on the family. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstratedthe necessity of taking into account demands and resources from both the work and home domains since it has been shown that both have an impact on one other. Furthermore, given the vital responsibilities that emergency and critical care nurses play in the health care system, our findings suggest that occupational health treatments should be used to identify those working profiles that are particularly at risk.

Psychological impact of COVID19 on community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.

BACKGROUND: The unique situation related to the COVID-19 outbreak and the consequent worldwide lockdown can have a psychological impact on specific populations. Community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, as essential healthcare workers on the front line who continue to do their jobs during this pandemic, can also experience psychological distress. Few data are available on the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemics on this population. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19 on Spanish community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians during lockdown, and to identify factors contributing to psychological distress. METHODS: A cross-sectional, quantitative, correlational study was designed including 1162 pharmacy team members. The Impact of Event Scale revised was used to assess the psychological impact. Data collection was performed by emailing the instrument to individuals or by using social networks. RESULTS: Overall participants, almost 70% revealed severe levels of psychological impact. The outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly affected community pharmacy workers, the degree of which is related to gender, age, and feelings of fear/stress. CONCLUSIONS: In the initial phase of the lockdown associated with the COVID-19 outbreak, the majority of the respondents rated the psychological impact as severe. Our findings allow for the identification of factors associated with a greater psychological impact.

Ethical conflict among critical care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Ethical conflict is a problem with negative consequences, which can compromise the quality and ethical standards of the nursing profession and it is a source of stress for health care practitioners', especially for nurses. OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study was to analyze Spanish critical care nurses' level of exposure to ethical conflict and its association with sociodemographic, occupational, and COVID-19-related variables. Research Design, Participants, and Research context: This was a quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among 117 nurses working in critical care units. Data collection tools were sociodemographic, occupational, and COVID-19-related questionnaires and previously validated Spanish version of Ethical Conflict in Nursing Questionnaire-Critical Care Version. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: We obtained permission from the Ethics Committee and participants' informed consent. FINDINGS: Data indicates a moderate level of exposure to ethical conflicts. The most frequent ethical conflicts were related to situations about "treatment and clinical procedures." The most intensity of ethical conflicts was related to situations about "treatment and clinical procedures" and "dynamics of the service and working environment." No statistical significance was identified between the socio-demographic variables and level of exposure to ethical conflicts. However, for critical care nurses working in ICU, nurses with perceived worked stress had a higher level of exposure to ethical conflicts. Likewise, critical care nurses whose family/friends were infected with COVID-19 had a higher level of exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Critical care nurses experience a moderate level of exposure to ethical conflicts which is consistent with the results of previous studies. A deeper understanding of ethical conflicts in conflictive situations allows recognition of the situations that occur in everyday clinical practice, identification of the ethical conflicts, and facilitation of the nurses working in the challenging clinical situation.

Workaholism and family interaction among nurses.

This study aims to identify the prevalence of workaholism and work-family interaction, their relationship and their variation according sociodemographic and occupational characteristics among nurses. A quantitative, descriptive, correlational and transversal study was conducted with a sample of 839 Portuguese nurses. Regarding workaholism, 27% of workaholic nurses were identified, scoring a higher mean value for excessive work. For work-family interaction, the dimensions showing the highest mean values were the negative work-family interaction and the positive family-work interaction. The variables identified as significant predictors of workaholism were the work-family interaction (39%), occupational variables (10.6%) and sociodemographic variables (1.2%). Among the occupational and professional variables, the women, age equal or less than 37 years and perception of stressful work, were highlighted. The confirmation of workaholism in nurses, as well as its predictive variables are significantly important for professionals and organizations to better understand the impact of this phenomenon, particularly in mental health and to encourage the development of programmes aiming to promote health at the workplace.

Workaholism and family interaction among nurses / Adição ao trabalho e interação familiar em enfermeiros

Abstract This study aims to identify the prevalence of workaholism and work-family interaction, their relationship and their variation according sociodemographic and occupational characteristics among nurses. A quantitative, descriptive, correlational and transversal study was conducted with a sample of 839 Portuguese nurses. Regarding workaholism, 27% of workaholic nurses were identified, scoring a higher mean value for excessive work. For work-family interaction, the dimensions showing the highest mean values were the negative work-family interaction and the positive family-work interaction. The variables identified as significant predictors of workaholism were the work-family interaction (39%), occupational variables (10.6%) and sociodemographic variables (1.2%). Among the occupational and professional variables, the women, age equal or less than 37 years and perception of stressful work, were highlighted. The confirmation of workaholism in nurses, as well as its predictive variables are significantly important for professionals and organizations to better understand the impact of this phenomenon, particularly in mental health and to encourage the development of programmes aiming to promote health at the workplace.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência da adição ao trabalho, os níveis de interação trabalho-família e a relação destes com características sociodemográficas e laborais em enfermeiros. Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, correcional e transversal numa amostra de 839 enfermeiros de Portugal continental. Relativamente à adição ao trabalho, identificaram-se 27,1% de enfermeiros adictos, com valor médio superior no trabalho excessivo. No que respeita à interação trabalho-família, as dimensões com médias superiores foram a interação negativa trabalho-família e a interação positiva família-trabalho. As variáveis identificadas como preditores significativos da adição ao trabalho foram a interação trabalho-família (39%), as variáveis laborais (10,6%) e as sociodemográficas (1,2%). Das variáveis laborais e profissionais salienta-se o sexo feminino, idade igual ou inferior a 37 anos e a perceção de trabalho stressante. A confirmação deste fenómeno em enfermeiros, assim como, das variáveis que o podem potenciar, possibilita ao profissional e às organizações, uma maior consciencialização dos seus impactos, nomeadamente na saúde mental incentivando o desenvolvimento de programas que visem a promoção de saúde no local de trabalho.

Burnout among nurses: a multicentric comparative study.

OBJETIVO: to identify and compare burnout levels between Portuguese, Spanish and Brazilian nurses. METHOD: quantitative, descriptive, correlational, comparative and cross-sectional study conducted using a sample of 1,052 nurses working in hospitals and primary care centers. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory were applied to nurses in Porto, Portugal (n=306), Oviedo, Spain (n=269) and S. Paulo, Brazil (n=477). Data analysis was performed using descriptive, inferential and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: approximately 42% of the nurses showed moderate/high levels of burnout, with no differences found between countries (Portugal and Brazil 42%, Spain 43%). Only depersonalization showed differences between countries, presenting Spain the highest level and Portugal the lowest one. Comparative analysis showed higher burnout levels in young nurses and those working by shifts. Considering job schedules, burnout was associated to shift work in Portugal, while in Spain and Brazil it was associated with fixed schedules. CONCLUSION: these results suggest that this syndrome among nurses is a global phenomenon. The daily stressors and higher demands of the nursing profession are crucial in the preparation of nurses to deal with complex situations, to avoid burnout, and to reduce the negative impact on nurses' health and on the quality of care they provide.

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese Dutch Work Addiction Scale.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the psychometric properties of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale in a sample of Portuguese nurses. METHOD: A methodological study was conducted with 1,030 Portuguese nurses. A sociodemographic/professional questionnaire and the Dutch Work Addiction Scale applied between October and December 2019. RESULTS: The Confirmatory Factorial Analyses confirmed the factorial structure of two dimensions, namely Working Excessively (α = .730) and Working Compulsively (α = .752), grounded on the theoretical model of workaholism; the reliability values were considered adequate. Nurses presented a moderate level of workaholism, with a higher mean value for Working Excessively. CONCLUSION: The results raised the issue of workaholism and highlighted the need for further study. The Portuguese version of the DUWAS presented good psychometric characteristics and can be considered a valid and useful instrument to identify this problem.

Bullying in nursing students: A integrative literature review.

The purpose of this integrative review was to analyse the current situation of bullying in nursing students through an exhaustive review of the last 10 years. As the sources of information, we used electronic databases, such as Medline, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane, and SciELO, using bullying, nursing students, and clinical environment as search terms. We based the methodology of the study in PRISMA checklist. Articles were selected for their relevance and suitability for the purpose, and they were constructed into a table. A critical appraisal was done using MMAT TOOL and AACOODS checklist. Papers were analysed using a constant comparison and a concept mapping. Finally, 30 articles were included. We analysed: prevalence, profile of the victim and perpetrator, type of violence, and bullying consequences. Bullying prevalence varied from 9-96% according to the author. Differences about the influence of sociodemographic variables were detected, there is no consensus about age, gender, or educational level. Bullying in nursing students is an important problem that affects all spheres of their life. Harassment also has consequences for the patient and for the health organization, so it is really important to take action regarding bullying and to act to victims, perpetrators, and health organizations. Regarding to implications for nursing practice, we found that some interventions were useful to reduce bullying, so it is important to participate in intervention programmes to eventually stop this problem. This study has revealed that more research on the efficacy of psychological intervention programmes to help students cope with bullying situations is essential.

Quality of sleep among social media users during the lockdown period due to COVID-19 in Spain.

AIMS: To analyse the quality of sleep of the Spanish population during the lockdown due to COVID-19. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study using a web based survey design. METHODS: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire and sociodemographic, occupational, health and sleep quality variables were used to collect data during the first month of the lockdown period due to COVID-19 (March-April 2020). A snowball sampling was carried out, where participants were asked to disseminate and distribute the questionnaire among their own profiles in social networks. RESULTS: A representative sample of 5220 participants aged ≥18 years old took part in the study. The global PSQI score was 8.17 points (SD 4.43). A statistical association was found between the global PSQI score and several of the variables collected. Findings show that the quality of sleep was worse among women (p < 0.001), single participants (p 0.02), those working in rotating shifts (p < 0.001), on-site workers (p < 0.001), and people diagnosed with COVID-19 or who had someone in their environment diagnosed with the virus (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Findings show that the Spanish population has experienced poor quality of sleep during the lockdown period. Being a woman, working in rotating shifts, having suffered from COVID-19 or having someone close suffering from COVID-19, being unemployed or being affected by a Temporary Redundancy Scheme, as well as spending long hours in bed were associated with poorer sleep quality. On the contrary, being older and sleeping longer hours were associated with a better sleep quality.

Resilience Among Professional Health Workers in Emergency Services.

INTRODUCTION: Although it seems logical that working in an emergency service implies having a great capacity to face extreme situations, resilience in health care workers has been shown to be related not only to individual personality characteristics but also with external factors. The objective of this study was to understand the resilience of health professionals working in hospital and in-hospital emergency services and to determine the relationships of resilience with sociodemographic and work-related conditions. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included emergency physicians, nurses, and nursing assistants. Sociodemographic variables, work characteristics, and the Resilience Scale-25 were analyzed. Data were not missing at random and models with imputed data were tested. RESULTS: A total of 321 professionals participated. Their mean age was 43.36 years (SD 8.73), and 81.31% were women. The mean resilience score was 133.38 (SD 17.11), which corresponds to moderately low to moderate levels. Being single (B = -7.35; P < .01) or divorced (B = -8.26; P = .04) were associated with decreased resilience in the raw score of the Resilience Scale-25. Working shifts that do not include night shift (OR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.04, 3.90, P = .04) and being a nurse (OR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.07, 4.18; P = .03) were associated with higher odds of belonging to categories of lower resilience levels. However, more professional work experience was related to lower odds of belonging to categories of lower resilience levels (OR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.89-0.99, P < .04). Several variables, including marital status, demonstrated inconsistent associations across different modeling methods. CONCLUSIONS: Resilience in professional health workers was related to personal and working conditions. The scores of emergency staff were low and improvement with specific strategies is needed.

Workaholism, engagement and family interaction: Comparative study in portuguese and spanish nurses.

AIM: To identify and compare workaholism, engagement and family interaction levels among Portuguese and Spanish nurses. BACKGROUND: The contribution of nursing management and leadership to workers' health and well-being is cardinal to ensure a healthy work environment. However, factors such as workaholism, engagement and family interaction can strongly influence nurses' performance, well-being and safety. METHOD: A multicentre, comparative and cross-sectional study using 333 Portuguese (54.1%) and Spanish (45.9%) nurses working in hospitals. RESULTS: Portuguese nurses showed higher levels for workaholism, negative work-family interaction and negative family-work interaction, while Spanish nurses presented higher levels of engagement, positive work-family interaction and positive family-work interaction. Gender, age, job experience time, academic training, working schedule and type of employment contract influenced workaholism, engagement and work-family interaction among nurses from both countries. CONCLUSION: During their professional practice, nurses perceived their stress differently according to each country, with Portuguese nurses presenting worst psychological conditions than Spanish nurses, namely higher workaholism, negative work-family interactions and lower engagement. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Workaholism, engagement and work-family interaction are important areas in which nursing managers must invest to better respond to the new challenges of work contexts.

Burnout among nurses: a multicentric comparative study / Burnout entre enfermeiros: um estudo multicêntrico comparativo / Burnout entre enfermeros: un estudio multicéntrico comparativo

Objetivo: to identify and compare burnout levels between Portuguese, Spanish and Brazilian nurses. Method: quantitative, descriptive, correlational, comparative and cross-sectional study conducted using a sample of 1,052 nurses working in hospitals and primary care centers. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory were applied to nurses in Porto, Portugal (n=306), Oviedo, Spain (n=269) and S. Paulo, Brazil (n=477). Data analysis was performed using descriptive, inferential and multivariate analysis. Results: approximately 42% of the nurses showed moderate/high levels of burnout, with no differences found between countries (Portugal and Brazil 42%, Spain 43%). Only depersonalization showed differences between countries, presenting Spain the highest level and Portugal the lowest one. Comparative analysis showed higher burnout levels in young nurses and those working by shifts. Considering job schedules, burnout was associated to shift work in Portugal, while in Spain and Brazil it was associated with fixed schedules. Conclusion: these results suggest that this syndrome among nurses is a global phenomenon. The daily stressors and higher demands of the nursing profession are crucial in the preparation of nurses to deal with complex situations, to avoid burnout, and to reduce the negative impact on nurses' health and on the quality of care they provide.

Objetivo: identificar e comparar os níveis de burnout entre enfermeiros portugueses, espanhóis e brasileiros. Método: estudo quantitativo, descritivo, correlacional, comparativo e transversal, realizado com 1.052 enfermeiros em hospitais e unidades básicas de saúde. Um questionário sociodemográfico e o Maslach Burnout Inventory foram aplicados com enfermeiros de Porto-Portugal (n=306), Oviedo-Espanha (n=269) e São Paulo-Brasil (n=477). Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, inferencial e multivariada. Resultados: aproximadamente 42% dos enfermeiros apresentaram níveis moderados/altos de burnout, não sendo encontradas diferenças entre os países (Portugal e Brasil com 42%, Espanha com 43%). Apenas a dimensão despersonalização apresentou diferenças entre os países, com um nível mais elevado na Espanha e mais baixo em Portugal. A análise comparativa mostrou níveis mais elevados de burnout em enfermeiros jovens e naqueles que trabalhavam em turnos. Em relação às escalas de trabalho, burnout foi associada ao trabalho por turnos em Portugal e aos horários fixos na Espanha e no Brasil. Conclusão: esses resultados sugerem que essa síndrome em enfermeiros é um fenômeno global. Estressores diários e maiores demandas da profissão de enfermagem são elementos cruciais para preparar os enfermeiros para lidar com situações complexas, evitar burnout e reduzir o impacto negativo na sua saúde e na qualidade dos cuidados que prestam.

Objetivo: identificar y comparar los niveles de burnout entre enfermeros portugueses, españoles y brasileños. Método: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, correlacional, comparativo y transversal, realizado con 1.052 enfermeros de hospitales y unidades básicas de salud. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el Maslach Burnout Inventory a enfermeras de Porto, Portugal (n=306), Oviedo, España (n=269) y São Paulo, Brasil (n=477). Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva, inferencial y multivariada. Resultados: aproximadamente el 42% de los enfermeros presentaban niveles moderados/altos de burnout y no se encontraron diferencias entre países (Portugal y Brasil 42%, España 43%). Solo la dimensión de despersonalización mostró diferencias entre países, con un nivel mayor en España y menor en Portugal. El análisis comparativo mostró mayores niveles de burnout en enfermeros jóvenes y en los que trabajaban por turnos. En cuanto a los horarios de trabajo, el burnout se asoció con el trabajo por turnos en Portugal y con horario fijo en España y Brasil. Conclusión: estos resultados sugieren que el síndrome de burnout en enfermeros es un fenómeno global. Los estresores cotidianos y las mayores exigencias de la profesión de Enfermería son elementos cruciales para preparar a los enfermeros para enfrentar situaciones complejas, evitar el burnout y reducir el impacto negativo en la salud de los enfermeros y la calidad de la atención que brindan.

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese Dutch Work Addiction Scale / Propriedades psicométricas da Dutch Work Addiction Scale portuguesa / Propiedades psicométricas de la Dutch Work Addiction Scale portuguesa

ABSTRACT Objective To analyse the psychometric properties of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale in a sample of Portuguese nurses. Method A methodological study was conducted with 1,030 Portuguese nurses. A sociodemographic/professional questionnaire and the Dutch Work Addiction Scale applied between October and December 2019. Results The Confirmatory Factorial Analyses confirmed the factorial structure of two dimensions, namely Working Excessively (α = .730) and Working Compulsively (α = .752), grounded on the theoretical model of workaholism; the reliability values were considered adequate. Nurses presented a moderate level of workaholism, with a higher mean value for Working Excessively. Conclusion The results raised the issue of workaholism and highlighted the need for further study. The Portuguese version of the DUWAS presented good psychometric characteristics and can be considered a valid and useful instrument to identify this problem.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Dutch Work Addiction Scale (Duwas) numa amostra de enfermeiros portugueses. Método Foi realizado um estudo metodológico com 1.030 enfermeiros portugueses. Um questionário sociodemográfico/profissional e a Duwas foram aplicados entre outubro e dezembro de 2019. Resultados A Análise Fatorial Confirmatória confirmou a estrutura fatorial de duas dimensões, a saber Trabalhar Excessivamente (α = 0,730) e Trabalhar Compulsivamente (α = 0,752), embasado no modelo teórico de workaholism; os valores de confiabilidade foram considerados adequados. Os enfermeiros apresentaram nível moderado de workaholism, com maior valor médio para Trabalhar Excessivamente. Conclusão Os resultados levantaram a questão da adição ao trabalho e destacaram a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados. A versão em português do Duwas apresentou boas características psicométricas e pode ser considerada um instrumento válido e útil para identificar esse problema.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Dutch Work Addiction Scale (Duwas) en una muestra de enfermeros portugueses. Método Se realizó un estudio metodológico con 1.030 enfermeras portuguesas. Un cuestionario sociodemográfico/profesional y la Duwas fueron aplicados entre octubre y diciembre de 2019. Resultados Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios confirmaron la estructura factorial de dos dimensiones, a saber, Trabajar en exceso (α = .730) y Trabajar de forma compulsiva (α = .752), basado en el modelo teórico de la adicción al trabajo; los valores de fiabilidad se consideraron adecuados. Los enfermeros presentaron un nivel moderado de adicción al trabajo, con un valor medio más alto para Trabajar en exceso. Conclusión Los resultados plantearon el problema de la adicción al trabajo y destacaron la necesidad de realizar más estudios. La versión portuguesa del Duwas presentó buenas características psicométricas y puede considerarse un instrumento válido y útil para identificar este problema.

Presenteeism in nurses: comparative study of Spanish, Portuguese and Brazilian nurses.

AIM: To compare presenteeism levels among three samples of nurses and to identify the relationship between presenteeism and sociodemographic and professional characteristics. BACKGROUND: Presenteeism (going to work ill) is a phenomenon studied from different perspectives, and it has become especially important during the current COVID-19 outbreak; its connection to high healthcare costs, patient safety breaches and negative nurse well-being has been proved. INTRODUCTION: The nursing profession is particularly associated with caring for the culture of teamwork, loyalty to colleagues and professional identity. This condition enhances the 'super nurse phenomenon', even though nurses do not feel physically and psychologically able to work. METHODS: A multicentre, cross-sectional study was conducted in three different country contexts: Oviedo (Spain), Porto (Portugal) and São Paulo (Brazil). Nurses performing functions in hospitals and primary health care were enrolled. Informed consent and data collection questionnaires were hand delivered. The Stanford Presenteeism Scale-6 was applied. RESULTS: A total of 659 nurses participated. Portuguese nurses showed greater prevalence of presenteeism, followed by Brazilian and Spanish nurses. Younger nurses with less professional experience presented lower levels of presenteeism but greater psychological commitment. Male participants showed lower capacity to complete work when ill than female participants. CONCLUSIONS: Age and length of professional experience proved to be significant predictors of total presenteeism, although only professional experience revealed statistical significance in the adjusted model. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: The knowledge of this phenomenon among nurses highlights the need for the development of strategies in the curriculum of nursing students and organizations. Resilience and ergonomic training should be applied in the training programmes of the students and reinforced by the health centre managers. It is essential that healthcare systems design worksite wellness programmes that pursue greater physical and mental well-being for healthcare professionals.

Spanish oncology nurses: Assessment and relationship between resilience and emotional labour status.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate nurses' resilience and emotional labour (EL) status in the oncology context as well as to examine the relationship between resilience and EL status. METHODS: Cross-sectional, correlational quantitative design. The selected setting is the oncology centre at a referral and teaching hospital in northern Spain. One hundred and two oncology nurses were included. Socio-demographic data were obtained from a questionnaire. Data for resilience and EL status were drawn from validated Spanish questionnaires. RESULTS: Oncology nurses reported a moderate to high level of resilience and experienced less intense EL. Professional rank was the only factor identified that influenced resilience (p < .05). Gender, educational level, shift work, work department, and oncology work experience were statistically significant when correlated with the EL of oncology nurses (p < .05). There was a positive correlation between resilience and two EL factors (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The information gained from this study may raise awareness of the importance of resilience and EL in the nursing profession. It would be important to develop a programme of resilience training and emotional regulation and integrate these programmes into educational systems in order to help enhance nursing students' and clinical nurses' resilience and emotional competency.